Browse All Terms

Defining responsibility for outcomes, decisions, and potential harms resulting from BCI applications.

A sudden, fast, transitory, and propagating change of electric polarization of the membrane of a neuron, which is the result of a very rapid rise and fall in voltage across a cellular membrane.

a BCI system relies on intentional mental effort (e.g., motor imagery) to trigger commands

Electrodes that include a small, built-in amplifier to boost the weak neural signal directly at the recording site. This pre-amplification makes the signal more robust against environmental noise during transmission to the main BCI system.[36]

A model that dynamically adjusts its decision boundaries according to changing neural patterns or user adaptation.

Dynamic adjustment of feedback intensity or modality based on ongoing neural responses.

Real-time adjustment of stimulation type, location, or intensity based on immediate neural or behavioral response.

A type of Passive BCI that detects a user's emotional states (e.g., anxiety, happiness, or frustration) by analyzing brain signals and adapting the system accordingly.

Unintentional bias in neural signal interpretation systems resulting from biased data or algorithms.

Boosting the amplitude of small electrophysiological signals for accurate recording and analysis.

A specific type of transducer that converts a small input signal into a larger output signal

A component that receives analogue signals from a transducer and converts them into digital signals that can be processed and understood by a computer.

A BCI system that is designed to communicate with non-human Brain

An unwanted signal that is not related to the brain activity of interest.

Alerts the user or system when artifacts (e.g., muscle movement, blink) degrade BCI control, prompting corrective action.

The process of identifying and discarding segments of data that contain artifacts.

The process of identifying and eliminating unwanted signals that are not related to the brain activity of interest.

Computer systems that mimic human cognitive functions to interpret brain signals and provide adaptive control over them.

Any item, piece of equipment, or software system used to increase, maintain, or improve the functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities. BCIs represent a frontier in assistive technology, offering a novel access method for communication and environmental control for individuals with the most severe motor impairments, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal cord injury, or locked-in syndrome.[16, 81, 82]

A BCI system that allows the user to issue commands at any time (at their own pace) without waiting for a cue from the computer; the system continuously monitors brain signals to detect control intent.