Protocols and paradigms

A sudden, fast, transitory, and propagating change of electric polarization of the membrane of a neuron, which is the result of a very rapid rise and fall in voltage across a cellular membrane.

An evoked potential in response to audio stimuli. It represents the brain's processing of auditory information and can be observed as specific patterns of electrical activity over the auditory cortex, typically captured via electrodes placed on the scalp.

The imagination of the generation of sounds without any external auditory stimulus.

Rhythmic or repetitive patterns of neural activity in the brain. The modulation of these oscillations is a primary source of control signals for many BCIs.

Initial data recording used to train algorithms and align user-system parameters.

An auditory evoked potential in response to a click stimulus, which is a brief, sharp sound used in auditory testing.

Controlled visual or auditory prompt initiating a mental or motor response.

A transient, intense response to a specific stimulus that typically has a clear cause or trigger. It is the result of thoughts, feelings, actions, psychological states, and learned experiences in response to a stimulus or changes in a contextual environment.

specific brain signal generated when a person recognizes they've made a mistake or when they observe a system making an error. This signal can be used by a BCI to autonomously correct its own mistakes

A specific occurrence or change in the state of a system that is significant to the operation of the brain-computer interface (BCI).

A decrease in oscillatory brain activity due to an external or internal event

A consistent neurophysiological response in the brain's electrical activity that is time-locked to a specific external or internal event.

A measure that reflects changes in power spectral density over time in a specific frequency band, time-locked to a particular event.

An increase in oscillatory brain activity due to an external or internal event

A measure of neural response to a specific stimulus, used for understanding the relationships between physical stimuli, brain activity, and human cognition.

A state characterized by reduced cognitive efficiency, attention, and alertness, often resulting from prolonged activity or attention.

A measure of brain activity recorded from a small group of neurons in a specific area of the brain, capturing the collective electric potentials generated by local neuronal activity.

The imagination of a specific scenario or action by the subject, without any actual physical execution.

The amount of cognitive resources used when the subject is performing a task.

The generation of neural activity from the motor cortex by imagining movements without any physical limb movement or external stimulus